What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve. Often, it happens because pressure builds up inside the eye. Over time, this pressure can harm vision – starting with side (peripheral) vision – and may cause permanent blindness if untreated. So, what is glaucoma? It is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide, especially among older adults. Therefore, knowing what glaucoma is and why it matters can help you take action early. By learning the basics, you can better protect your vision.

Causes and Risk Factors

The main cause of glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This happens when eye fluid does not drain properly, and pressure builds up over time.

However, some types of glaucoma develop even with normal pressure. Because of this, knowing your risk factors is important. Key risks include:

• Age 60 and older
• Family history of glaucoma
• High intraocular pressure (IOP)
• Diabetes or other chronic conditions
• Long-term use of steroid medications

Types of Glaucoma

There are two main types of glaucoma you should know about:

• Open-Angle Glaucoma: This is the most common form. It develops slowly and usually has no early symptoms. As a result, many people do not realize they have it until vision loss has already begun.
• Angle-Closure Glaucoma: This type is less common but far more serious. It can appear suddenly and cause pain, redness, and blurred vision. Therefore, it requires immediate medical attention.

What is Glaucoma? Common Symptoms and Early Warning Signs

In the early stages, glaucoma usually causes no noticeable symptoms. Because of this, many people do not realize they have it until vision loss begins. As the disease progresses, you may notice:

• Loss of peripheral (side) vision
• Blurred or tunnel vision in advanced cases
• Halos around lights, especially with angle-closure glaucoma
• Eye pain or redness in sudden, acute cases

Therefore, routine eye exams are the best way to catch glaucoma early. Regular pressure checks and optic nerve scans give doctors the chance to detect changes before permanent damage occurs.

Treatment Options

Glaucoma cannot be cured, but treatment can slow or stop further vision loss. Because treatment works best when started early, following a care plan is critical. Common options include:

• Prescription eye drops that lower eye pressure
• Laser therapy to improve fluid drainage
• Surgery in advanced or severe cases

Why Early Detection Is Critical

Once vision is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be restored. Therefore, early detection is essential. If you have risk factors or notice vision changes, do not wait. Instead, schedule an eye exam as soon as possible. Regular checkups give doctors the chance to stop damage before it leads to permanent vision loss.

More Resources Related to What is Glaucoma

Looking for practical ways to protect your eyesight? Then explore our guide: How to Protect Your Vision from Glaucoma.

In addition, you can find trusted information from the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s Eye Health A–Z resource.

This content is for informational purposes only. It is not medical advice. Please consult an eye care professional for personal guidance and treatment.